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NEW PROSPECTS



TEACHER’S BOOK
















S.A. ARAB M. BENSEMMANE B. RICHE









































Blanche







































Contents






ERRATA ………………………………………………………… 04


KEY FEATURES OF THE COURSEBOOK ……………..…. 09



ANSWER KEY: UNIT 1 ………………..………………..…….. 22


ANSWER KEY: UNIT 2 ……………………………………….. 42


ANSWER KEY: UNIT 3 ………………………………………..55


ANSWER KEY: UNIT 4 ……………………………………….. 69


ANSWER KEY: UNIT 5 ……………………………………….. 82


ANSWER KEY: UNIT 6 ……………………………………….. 98

ERRATA IN STUDENT’S BOOK

Due to technical problems beyond our control and the tight publication deadline, a number of errors have inadvertently slipped into some of the texts of the coursebook.

p.23 Read Africana the Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience instead of The Encyclopedia of Africana.
p.24 Read it exerted instead of it exert, and on the Numidians instead of on that of the Numedians.
p.25 Read the sentences that express concession and time instead of sentences that express time and concession.
p.30 Read Polyphemus, the Cyclops.
p.49 Read You think that the government… instead of You think that government…
p.50 Read guilty instead of gulity, in some of the departments, instead of in some of the department, Which is the odd one out? instead of Which is the Odd one? and sweetener[b] instead of sweetner.
p.52 Read Then as a group, review … instead of Then as, a group, review, …
p.57 Read who say that counterfeiting is … instead of who say
counterfeinting is…
p.58 Read from the least to the most important instead of from
the list to the most important.
p.74 Read Designing an educational prospectus instead of
Designing an educational prospesctus.
p.75 Read training for citizenship instead of creating good citizens.
p.77 Read enrolment instead of enrollment.
p.80 Read from age five to age sixteen instead of from age five to age eleven.
p.81 Read I wish my parents would accept my choice instead of I wish my parents would accept .
p.85 Read students’ characters instead of student’s character.
p.87 Read it provides the minimum (train) … for (function) instead of it provides the minimum (train) …for function.
p.90 Read write your draft letter. Delete the rest.
p.91 Read There should be one only instead of There should only be one only.
p.92 Read homepage instead of home page.
p.94 Read leave out and not leave.
p.110 Read when they do their shopping instead of when they do the shopping.
p.111 Read commerce (n.) rather than commerce (v.).
p.112 Read the number of shopaholics instead of the number shopaholics.
p.113 Read An insufficient amount of food instead of a very small amount of food,and encounter a financial problem instead of meet a financial problem.
p.118 Read shoppers/sellers instead of buyers/sellers.
p.119 Read could you get me some flour? instead of could you get some flour and the main stress in each of the sentences instead of the main stress in the sentences.
p.122 Read Civil Protection officer instead of Civil Protection Officer.
p.124 Read James is for advertising whereas Jenny is against it instead of Jenny is for advertising whereas James is against it.
p.125 Read beneficial to them instead of beneficial for, and delete
but in Though ___________.But ________ .
p.147 Read Well, because now I am understanding astronomy instead of Well, it is because now I am understanding that astronomy.
p.161 Read it is true but… instead of it is true that but.
p.169 Read makes them softer instead of makes it softer.
p.174 Read they prefer to cry rather than retain their tears instead of they prefer to cry than retain their tears.
p.176 Read What form are the verbs which follow rather and it is better? instead of What form are the verbs which follow rather and better?
p.181 Read with the feelings on the left instead of with the feelings left.
p.185 Read agree with the author’s opinion about the way of making friends instead of agree with the author’s opinion about how the ideal way of making friends.
p.187 Read which part of the public statement was irrelevant? instead of which part of the public statement is irrelevant? and Stay focused on the act of writing and on the topic until the time is up instead of Stay focused on the act of writing and the topic until the time is up.
p.188 Read Predicting the content of the body of a text instead of Predicting the content of a body of text.
p.191 Read What makes you smile or laugh? instead of What makes you smile or laugh in this famous story?[/b]




p.192 Read Study the following interpretations of the story. Then… instead of Study the following interpretations of the story that you have read above.Then…
p.197 Read the foundations of civilization were first laid by farmers instead of the foundations of civilization were laid by the first farmers.
p.199 Read And I must add instead of and I must add.
p.200 Read conforming instead of confirming.
p.202 Read Dozens of them are hovering… instead of Dozens of them hovering , and she attended a chemistry course instead of she has attended a chemistry course.
p.203 Read passed or elapsed instead of passed by.
p.207 Read What we do in our laboratory is try to … instead of What we do in our laboratory is trying to… .
p.208 Read I remember teaching her when she was a little girl instead of I remember seeing her when she was a little girl.
p.218 Read harder instead of hard, and a wish instead of wish.
p.225 Read I propose Miss Ford should be appointed secretary of the committee.
p.231 Read we use inverted commas/ quotation marks instead of we use quotation marks, Neil instead of Nel, and “that’s
p.240 Put a full stop after astronomy.
p.243 Read the Romans’ civilizing of ‘barbarous’ Britain instead of the Romans’ civilizing of the ‘barbarous’ Britain.
p.255 Read shelves instead of sheflves, and omit of these products in each.
p.256 Read who have bought something that instead of who have bought something that that.
p.259 Read eating instead of earting;
p.264 Read many listeners tuned in instead of many listeners turned in.
p.267Read Sport and Friendship Among Peoples instead of Sport and Friendship Between Peoples.




Key features of the coursebook

I. Pedagogical principles

New Prospects is the last of a series of three coursebooks designed for the teaching of English to secondary school students. As one would expect, the procedures followed here are similar to those adopted for the making of the first two books. They comply with the recommendations issued in the official syllabus set down by the Ministry of National Education (2006). Its main principles rest on communicative language teaching, which engages learners in real and meaningful communication. By real, we mean that the learners are given opportunities to process content relating to their lives and backgrounds, and to develop both fluency and accuracy.
In this coursebook, we view language learning as a developmental process through which the learners make errors as a natural part of that process, and self-correct. We also regard the mastery of grammar as the cornerstone of a good command of English. This is the reason why we have deliberately foregrounded it in this book. This being said, we haven’t made of it an end in itself, but a means to an end particularly through a constant ‘translatating’ of grammar rules into language functions, thus ensuring the learners’ competencies.
New prospects provides a large number of effective learning tasks through which students are brought to notice, reflect and analyse how English is used. The tasks devised provide ample opportunities for learners to interact in the classroom and negotiate meaning. Most of these tasks involve the use of ‘discovery learning’ (inductive learning), and are intended to enhance individual learning as well as learning with peers.
These tasks are devised in such a way as to encourage students to use more complex utterances, more fluently and more accurately than in previous years of education. The cumulative effect of the diversity of tasks will enable students to gradually automatize their knowledge and recall the language acquired with greater control and ease during production. It is naturally up to the teacher to opt for the most appropriate tasks, in accordance with the needs of the classroom(s), i.e. whether the emphasis should be more on vocabulary building and on grammatical structures, or on reading and writing skills.
In this pursuit, there will be necessary returns to previously studied aspects of language, to skills and strategies approached during the first and second years. Teachers will expect their students to revise, practise and consolidate their knowledge in so doing. On the other hand, the present coursebook, with its six thematically based units, will be geared to raising more awareness of the complexities of the English language in terms of lexis and discourse. Thus the texts selected present language in different types and styles: radio interviews, dialogues, news reports, encyclopedia entries, newspaper and magazine articles, excerpts from works of fiction, poems, etc. The students will thus be preparred to interact with various language situations they will encounter in real life.

II. Organisation of the coursebook


New Prospects progressively develops in students the three competencies of interaction, interpretation and production that cover all areas of language (syntax, morphology, vocabulary, pronunciation, spelling) through six graded units. In addition, the graded tasks are of the type to be found in the English paper of the Baccalauréat examination, and thus provide the students with a gradual familiarisation with the examination requirements for English. The different task types will be dealt with subsequently.
- Each unit in New Prospects includes the presentation and practice of grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation/spelling with the four skills. This practice is related to the theme discussed in the unit.
- Each unit is followed by an evaluation grid to check on the learner’s progress. It reviews students’ knowledge of the language items presented in the unit and tests their ability to use the skills and strategies through reading passages/texts that appear at the end of the coursebook.
- At the end of New Prospects, we have included the following items:
a. Listening scripts
The listening scripts for all listening tasks in the units can be used by the students in class to correct their own work.

b. Grammar reference
This is a rubric to which students are referred throughout the book. They should use it for revision and for checking when they are not clear on a grammar point. Checking grammar for themselves will foster autonomy and will make it easier for them to keep on learning after classes.
c. Resources portfolio
This section aims at making learners maximise their language learning experience. Working through the texts and the activities that follow will help students to consolidate the language and skills presented in the coursebook. The resources portfolio contains a number of texts which correspond thematically to the texts in the units and present topic-related reading tasks for both skimming and scanning purposes. The portfolio can be used in class as a means to providing immediate follow-up work for language practice, skills and strategies.

III. Unit description


This coursebook caters to the needs of the major Baccalauréat streams. We have tried to strike a balance between topics related to science and technology and others related to language and humanities. In each of the six units, we focus on an area of knowledge whichdevelops a specific use of English. New Prospects is designed in such a way that each stream of students preparing their Baccalauréat will be able to choose (with their inspector/teacher) the four mandatory units which will be more directly related to their field, which means that the students needn’t work on all six units. The themes in the coursebook are as follows:
A. Ancient civilizations
B. Ethics in business
C. Education in the world: comparing educational systems
D. Advertising, consumers and safety




E. Astronomy and the solar system
F. Feelings and emotions
Each unit is structured as follows:
q Presentation of the project outcome ;
qTwo parts: Each part contains two sequences subdivided into rubrics;
q Take a break, a section wherein students are invited to relax to better start the second part;
q Research and report, a section in which students individually or in groups will start re-investing what they have learnt in the first part. It provides a training ground for the project proper;
q Project outcome
q Asssessment
q Time for…

In Part One the sequences are as follows:
1. Listen and consider
2. Read and consider
These two sequences are patterned in a more or less similar way, and contain the following rubrics:
q Language outcomes states the linguistic objectives
q Getting started
q Let’s hear it (for the Listen-and-consider sequence)
q Taking a closer look (for the Read-and-consider sequence)
qAround the text (This rubric comprises grammar and vocabulary
tasks preceded by grammar explorers and vocabulary explorers.)
q Pronunciation and spelling
q Think, pair, share
Part Two contains two other sequences:
3. Listening and speaking
4. Reading and writing
These two sequences are also patterned in a more or less similar way, and are subdivided into the following rubrics:



q Skills and strategies outcomes (which states the communicative
objectives)
q Before listening (or before reading)
q As you listen (or as you read)
q After listening (or reading)
q Say it in writing ( or writing development)
Part Two ends with the project outcome announced at the beginning of each and every unit and signposted at strategic points of the unit. Apart for offering guidelines about how to concretise the assigned project, it offers project alternatives and useful web sites.
The project outcome is followed by an Assessment section. It is devoted to language and skills and strategies assessment. Having seen how each part is planned, let us now consider how each of the two sequences is articulated.

IV. Sequence description

Sequence One (Listen and consider)
As announced above Listen and consider begins with Language outcomes, which involves no task but is a preview of the language objectives to be achieved by the end of the sequence. Thus grammatical structures, vocabulary items, idioms and features of pronunciation such as word and sentence stress, are meant to be understood and used, and also being assessed in the Assessment section of Part Two at the end of the unit.
This first sequence deals with listening comprehension. Its purpose is to lead the students to listen intently to an aural message/text, paying particular attention to features of language use described in the Language outcome preview. It will also make the students respond to the message orally or in writing. This type of focused listening (followed by a response) is meant to help the student develop an ability to listen for a purpose (understanding the gist of the text or the details). It is also to help him respond to an aural message orally or in writing with accuracy and appropriateness (for example, answering comprehension questions, re-ordering sentences, etc).
This listening task is realised in a two-step procedure: Getting started and Let’s hear it. The student will first look at the thematic pictures, discuss the topic with peers and answer the related comprehension questions. This activity is meant to access and activate her/his background knowledge of the topic and prepare her/him for the next listening phase, Let’s hear it, for which a number of exercises/tasks (Listen + re-order, listen + answer questions, etc.) are provided. E.g. Listen + re-order: the teacher reads the text while the students try to remember and re-order jumbled-up sentences. Listen and answer questions (orally or in writing) The students listen again to the whole text as it is read by the teacher and answer comprehension questions.
Around the text exploits the same text for language work and focuses on its grammatical and lexical content. Here the students are requested to look at language with a magnifying glass, as it were, and to focus on specific features of grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation and spelling.
A variety of tasks have been provided in this connection. These tasks are typically intended for matching statements, identifying the functions of words, reflecting on word order and morphology, using content and function words correctly, filling gaps with appropriate items.
Pronunciation and spelling is a rubric which is devised to increase the student’s understanding of the sound-spelling relationships that characterise English. We are not expecting students to become phoneticians or linguists, but simply aiming to ‘train their ears’ to be more perceptive apropos the subtleties of English pronunciation, stress and intonation. Spelling is a goal still worth pursuing at this final level of secondary education. The more acute the reception of an auditory message, the better its interpretation; likewise, the more intelligible the pronunciation the more effective the transmission of the message.
Communication in a foreign language relies crucially on a good listening ability. Discriminating between sounds in various utterances is the ultimate stage of compretence before performance. Therefore, tasks such as ‘listen for stress’ and ‘listen for syllable division’ are provided to this end.

In the last rubric, Think, pair, share, the students will work individually, then in pairs, and lastly with other peers in a group.
The think, pair, share tasks call for an interaction with other students and their teacher, and each student will produce a piece of writing: a dialogue, a short article, a description, a narration, a poem, etc. This will be presented orally to the class.
Sequence Two of the unit is Read and consider.
This sequence includes six rubrics, just like the previous one. We have paid particular attention to the development of the reading skill, one of the most demanding achievements not only for this final year of English study at school, but also for future studies at university. To this effect, we have included a large number of additional material for extensive reading in the resources portfolio.
The first rubric is Language outcomes. Just as in section 1, this rubric contains no tasks but reminds the student of the linguistic objectives to be achieved by the end of the section. These language outcomes can also be assessed in the assessment rubric at the end of the unit.
The second rubric, Getting started, invites a brainstorming session during which the topic under focus is debated; by the same token the students background knowledge is activated when some aspects of language are previewed (vocabulary, language structures, etc).
Through this pre-reading activity, the students will build schematic knowledge necessary to understand the text.
The third rubric, Taking a closer look, involves reading the text silently and individually, and answering comprehension questions. They may be referential or inferential questions, or they may open up a discussion on comparing native situations with non-native ones. This rubric involves not only looking at its content, but also at its form. Two types of exploring activites are provided stemming from the text studied in the Around the text rubric: Grammar explorer and Vocabulary explorer. Grammar explorer comprises up to three levels of activities (I, II, III) of graded difficulty, and its main purpose is to study the grammar of the text: the students will be involved in awareness-raising activities related to tenses, prepositional verbs, etc. They will also be given an opportunity to produce messages in correct English. These accuracy-based activities end with a production task which is also meant to focus the learner’s attention on grammatical correctness.
Vocabulary explorer (I, II, III,…) caters for the student’s vocabulary building skills, and deals with word formation, the practice of idiomatic formulae, etc.
The fourth rubric, Pronunciation and spelling also deals with language-related tasks, specifically pointing to the phoneme-grapheme correspondence in English. The student’s attention is drawn here to the discrepancies existing between the pronunciation system and the spelling system in English. The students are invited to note down these while the teacher is reading the text aloud.
The fifth rubric, Think, pair, share, focuses on individual work, pair work and group work, and generates interaction between group members. The teacher will act as a facilitator and guide intervening in the class when necessary.
Take a break brings to an end the Read-and- consider sequence. It brings a lighter note to the activities carried out up to this point by introducing light jokes, proverbs, songs, etc. An intercultural dimension is added to this rubric, as a means to pointing to other people’s experiences in their own milieus. This is a moment for students to relax before moving on to the next sequence.
Research and report deals mainly with learners’ outcomes i.e., behavioural outcomes. The tasks are assigned to students to work on (individually, in pairs, or in groups) outside the classroom, either for feedback to a subsequent lesson, or lead-in to a classroom activity. A number of written/oral tasks are suggested: newspaper articles, short stories poems, speeches, public statements on a specific topic, etc. Just like Think, pair, share, the Research and report section encourages interaction/negotiation of meaning, and it is a good preparation for the final major task, i.e. the project.

Sequence Three
Listening and speaking includes four main rubrics. The first one Skills and strategies outcomes is a preview of the communicative objectives to be achieved by the students.
In this rubric, a number of receptive strategies are activated. They should be the focus of the students’ attention throughout the second sequence. Indeed now we are moving from language-based study to discourse-oriented learning, and the student is accordingly requested to move from language analysis to discourse analysis. In this sequence, the aim is to ‘unlock’, or ‘unpack’ texts to look into relations of cohesion and coherence, at lexical chains, etc. It is the examination of the logical relations between sentences in a text that will make students discover the connotative import of discourse (E.g. mood, tone) and trace ‘underside meanings’.
Before listening is a rubric that prepares the students for the understanding of an aural text through pre-listening activities, and thus allow her/him to predict content through a set of questions. These activities prepare for note taking as well.
As you listen is a rubric which includes activities requesting learners to listen for gist, for detail, and to check their expectations/inferences, confirm them or reject them.
After listening is a post-listening stage which involves activities of a more intensive nature. Unlike pre-listening activities which focus on top-down thinking through prediction of content (from a picture, for example), post-listening activities deal with bottom-up listening and help students to give shape and significance to the texts. Thus, they can construct a plan from notes and summarize the content. After listening activities, other skills such as speaking, reading and writing can be practised.
Saying it in writing
This is the natural follow-up of the previous, receptive stage, as it allows learners to build confidence through the production of material related to the listening content. This rubric prepares the students for the next section Reading and writing, a stage that follows logically from this one.
Sequence Four
The Reading and writing sequences start with Skills and strategies outcomes, a rubric which defines the objectives to be achieved by the students (linguistic, communicative, cognitive), and the levels of reception and production of a message expected.
Before reading, As you Read, and After reading focus on the students’ use of their skimming and scanning skills to make sense of authentic and semi-authentic materials. The students will first activate their pre-existing knowledge to make predictions about the topic. In many cases, they will also be required to identify the structure of the text, to infer meaning and to pinpoiint inferences from context and follow up abstract ideas.
Writing development: This is the last skills rubric in which the students will have opportunity to express opinions, give reasons, present arguments: they will have now sufficient vocabulary and grammatical command as well as the required skills and stragegies to do the writing tasks. Here, the students will demonstrate their sense of organisation, cohesion and coherence, and will draw on appropriate registers to communicate their main message.
The writing activities that we have suggested reflect real-life tasks, such as writing simple reports, brief articles, formal and informal letters, etc. Let us focus now on the ultimate learning-and-doing outcome, namely the project.
IV. About the project
As said in the foreword to the Student’s Book, ‘the project designing procedure runs in parallel with the unfolding of the unit’. It is the visible and assessable manifestation of the students’ competencies, i.e. the end result of their command of language and of the skills and strategies they have acquired throughout the unit.
The project is signalled seven times in the unit: at the top of the first page, five times throughout the unit (Brainstorming - Fact finding – Organising - Writing up – Assessing) and a seventh time – in a more



detailed way, towards the end of the unit. These are flash-points, so to speak, designed to chart the students’ progress in giving shape and consistency to their project. This charting should take the form of monitoring sessions (twenty minutes at the end of a class meeting) during which the students will discuss and sort out the ways and means that apply to their project. The follow-up between two sessions is assumed to be done by the students, as a group, outside the classroom.
BRAINSTORMING is the first of such sessions, with the teacher acting as facilitator. The aim is to get the students to envisage and agree on the tasks involved, the possible sources of information and the format and content of the end product.
FACT FINDING
Most of the activities at this stage take place outside the classroom. The students enquire about where and how they will get the information they need (the Internet, a survey, an interview?…) and about the equipment they may want to use (cassette recorder, picture camera, drawings?…) as well as the places (a museum, a business company?…) they may have to visit. They may not have to meet in class at all.
ORGANISING
This is where the feedback of the students is made use of in a rational and efficient way. Divide the class into groups (5 studens per group to the maximum). Get each group to appoint a spokesperson who will make the final report to the class at the end of the project. Get all groups to agree on the tasks assigned to each of them. Otherwise leave it for each group to decide who does what and in what sequence. All the ensueing work will be done outside the class, or even outside the school.
WRITING UP
This activity will preferably take place between school hours provided each group manages to find a time and a place of its own. Otherwise, devote a whole class meeting to this session – time permitting, of course! – with each group working separately. This will involve writing (in correct English) but also editing (what colours to use, how much space will be devoted to illustrations, how much to text…) and negotiating (with possible opinion clashes). The teacher’s role at this stage is one of soft monitoring. Move from one group to another, giving advice whenever necessary.
ASSESSING
At this stage the work of each group is assessed by a board of assessors (one from each group) chaired by the teacher, or by a student elected by his peers. Make it informal however. The session starts with the spokesperson of each group reporting to the class about the work done and presenting the ‘product’ realised for appreciation. The same operation is repeated for each group. The board of assessors will eventually award the First Prize to the best project.
Naturally, the indications above should, by no means, be regarded as gospel truth. It is up to you to adapt the pedagogical route which you think to be the most suitable for your class.
Finally, it may be of interest for you to note that we have proposed alternative projects, of a ‘lighter’ kind, designed for students who want to work on their own, as well as pertinent and helpful websites (to be complemented if need be).
VI. Conclusion

New prospects[b] has been thought out in such a way as to instill in learners ease and confidence in their communicative use of English. The units of this coursebook offer a variety of activities reflecting real-life situations and prompting the students to practise English in creative ways. Their consolidation of skills, whether oral or written , is to be realised through a number of activities stemming from the competency-based approach. The objectives of such activities are clearly identified and explained at each stage of learning/teaching.


The tasks in question have cognitive aspects elaborated in accordance with Bloom’s taxonomy of educational objectives. The surface levels involve knowledge, comprehension and application while the deeper levels of cognitive processing appeal to analysis, synthesis and evaluation. Every unit contains a number of tasks which have been designed to provide subject-matter knowledge, lower and high order thinking skills, reading strategies and compositional skills. These will enable the students to achieve proficiency in the three competencies, namely interaction, comprehansion/interpretation and production.
At all events, we hope that this coursebook will be a pleasant pedagogic tool, and a useful document to help our students in their progress towards success at the Baccalauréat examination.






































UNIT ONE: EXPLORING THE PAST (pp. 14-44)


Use the pictures as an entry to the theme of the unit.
E.g. What do the pictures represent/show?
Where are these monuments located? etc.
Get the students acquainted with the project outcome by referring
them to page 42 so as to set them thinking about it.


LISTEN AND CONSIDER (pp.15-20)

Language outcomes (p.15)
Go through the language outcomes with your students so they will have a clear understanding of what the learning objectives of the section are.
Getting started (p.15)

1. The civilizations represented on the map are (from left to right) :
Ancient Greek, Ancient Egyptian, Sumerian, Babylonian and Indus Valley civilization.
You may try to elicit the names of the civilizations that later flourished in the same areas.
2. The right answer is the Sumerian Civilization. There is no need to confirm or infirm the hypotheses made by the students at this stage of the lesson since the objective of the question is to raise interest and to make hypotheses. Students will check their answers by listening to the script in the Let’s hear it rubric.
3. Just as for the first question, the aim here is not to test the students but to get them involved in the lesson.
4. The students will give their own definitions. The important point here is to make them think about the theme of the unit. Have some students jot down the words they associate with civilization (E .g. sculpture, literature, astronomy…) on the board and justify their choice.

Let’s hear it (p.16)


Task 1 (p.16)

Ancient Greek civilization: 4,000 years ago - Ancient Egyptian civilization: 5,000 years ago - Sumerian civilization: 5,500 years ago

[/b]Indus Valley civilization: 4,500 years ago - Chinese Civilization: 4,200 years ago
Task 2 (16)

Sumerian civilization 1 (5,500 ago) - Ancient Egyptian civilization 2 (5,000 years ago) - Indus Valley civilization 3 (4,500 years ago)- Chinese civilization 4 (4,200 years ago) Ancient Greek civilization 5 (4,000 years ago)
Task 3 (p.16)

A. The Sumerian civilization is the oldest civilization in the world. T
B. Most of the ancient civilizations rose along rivers. T
C. Agriculture did not form the basis of ancient civilizations. F
D. Ancient civilizations flourished during periods of peace. T
E. Most ancient civilizations fell into ruins because of war. T
F. Ancient Egyptians invented agriculture. F
Task 4 (p.16)
Have the students compare their answers. Then engage them in a discussion particularly with reference to answers to question D and E. These are important issues and should develop consciousness about the importance of peace for development, refinement in the arts and so on.
Task 5 (p.17)

You: How many civilizations has the world known so far ?
Your partner : Well, according to some historians the world has known 26 or 27 civilizations so far.
You : Which one is the oldest/earliest civilization ?
Your partner : The oldest/earliest civilization is the Sumerian civilization.
You : How long ago did it start/begin/flourish/rise ?
Your partner : It started in Mesopotamia some 4000 years ago.
You : What about the Ancient Egyptian Civilization ? When and where did it start ?
Your partner : Well, Ancient Egyptian Civilization started some 5,000 years ago along the Nile Valley.
You : What was the marjor cause of the collapse of these civilizations ?
Your partner: According to most historians, the major cause was war. Most of the ancient civilizations fell into ruins as a result of external invasions.

Around the text (pp.17-19)

Grammar Explorer 1 (p.17)
For me (zero article) civilization is synonymous with (zero article) refinement, (zero article) refinement in (zero article) architecture, in (zero article) law, and in (zero article) life styles. (The) culture and (the) literature of (a) society also contribute to (the) flourishing of its civilization.
Encourage students to explain the use of the three types of articles in English. Place emphasis on the zero article before abstract nouns. Refer students to the Grammar Reference on pp.211-212) only once they have tried to do the task. If necessary, devise a task of your own to consolidate the students’ knowledge of articles.

Grammar Explorer II (pp.17-18)

A. Had to, were able to, and used to express in this order: obligation/necessity in the past, ability in the past, habit in the past (or contrast between present and past realities).
B. The negative of had to, were able to, and used to are in this order: didn’t have to (absence of obligation), were unable to, and didn’t use to.
Make sure the students use these negative in sentences for illustration.
Refer students to SE2 Grammar Reference, pp.197-198.
Task (p.18)
used to live - used to hunt – used to farm – had to migrate – were
able to survive.
Vocabulary explorer (pp.18-19)

Task 1

A. rise – originate- start- begin- emerge
B. mature- develop- evolve – expand- spread - flourish –bloom
C. decline- collapse-fall to decay- into ruins- vanish- disappear

[b]Each of the three categories (A-C) contain verbs which are more or less simmilar in meaning. So it doesn’t really matter which comes first in its category.

Task 2 (p.18)

1= rise(= emerge) 2= mature 3= disappear (=vanish, fall into ruins, fall to decay) 4= originated, began, started, emerged) 5= spread (= expanded) 6= developed (=evolved) 7= evolved 8= flourished
9= declined 10= collapsed (fell into ruins, fell to decay)
Make sure the students realize the importance of appropriacy in the choice of the words. Synonyms should be used to avoid repetition.
Task 3 (p.19)
Go through the tips to make the students aware of what dependent prepositons are before setting them to task.
1. Ancient Egypt consisted mainly of the Nile Delta. 2. It contributed greatly to the development of geometry. 3. If its people were interested in geometry, it was basically for practical purposes. 4 Ancient Egypt depended a lot on the Nile River. 5. Its waters were used for drinking and irrigation.6. Many geometric laws were derived from their attempt to control the waters of the Nile.7. The Ancient Egyptians became so good at geometry that Greek scientists like Thales went to study geometry in Egypt.
The sentences should be rearranged in the form of a paragraph. Refer the students to the Grammar Reference pp.212-215 to check some of their answers to task 3 above.
Pronunciation and spelling (p.20)

A. When was (weak form) Christopher Columbus born ?
B. It was (weak form) in 1450.
A. Was (weak form) he a Spaniard ?
B. No, he wasn’t (strong form). He was (weak form) Italian (emphasis on Italian).
A. Were (weak form) there many good Italian navigators and explorers in Columbus’s time ?
B. Yes, there were (strong form) quite many. Amerigo Vespucci was (weak form) one of them. America was (weak form) named after him.
A. Does that mean that Italian explorers were (weak form) the only ones who explored North America ?
B. No, they weren’t (strong form) the only ones. There were (weak form) also Portuguese, Spanish, French, Dutch, and Brititish explorers.
Note: The weak form is used when the auxiliary verb is at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence, and when it is not stressed. The strong form is used when the auxiliary verb is at the end of sentence, or stressed.
Think, pair, share (p.20)

Make sure the students contrast the past (used to/had to/were able to) with the present (verbs in the present simple). Provide them with some link words (unfortunately, however, on the one hand, on the other hand). Insist on the need for a concluding sentence.

A century ago, people were able to live in better conditions than their parents thanks to the progress made in science and technology. But in practice, the outcome of this progress was slow to materialise. For instance, most people still used to travel long distances on foot or by stage coach. And as mechanisation was not introduced significantly in daily activities, household chores still had to be done manually, and were therefore time consuming.
On the other hand, community life was still an asset for social cohesion, since people had more opportunities to meet and interact. So they were able to chat with neighbours at shops or in clubs and have a cup of coffee with friends or relatives and tell stories and jokes. Likewise, family visits were frequent and kept the folklore alive, with the grandparents who used to tell traditional tales or sing lullabies or folk songs to their grandchildren. Unfortunately, with the development of audiovisual means such as the cinema, radio, television and then personal appliances like the computer, CD-roms and DVDs, the chances of socialisation are dwindling and the lack of interaction between people may increase stress, loneliness and anxiety.
Could we then complain that we are missing out on some ingredients in life which used to make our great grandparents happier? This is probably so, since closer contacts among neighbours, friends and families had to be beneficial for communal harmony. However[/b]

scientific progress in all fields, particularly in medicine, modes of transportation and communication, and agribusiness can only show that our lives are today quite fulfilling and, if anything, more comfortable than a century ago.
READ AND CONSIDER (pp.21-29)
Language outcomes (p.21)
Go through the language outcomes preview with your students to have them acquainted with the objectives of this section.

Getting started (p.21)

1. Have the students identify the location of Algerian World Heritage sites, preferably on a map.
The Casbah of Algiers : (City of Algiers) (1992) ; The Banu Hammads’ Qalaa: on the western side of Djebel Maadid, overlooking the Hodna plains, some 100 km away from Bejaia (1980) : Timgad: (Colonia, Marciana Trajana, Thamugadi) (December 17, 1982) situated 110 km to the south of Cirta (today’s Constantine), a few kilometres south-east of today’s Batna, 27 km to the west of Tazoult, at the foot of the Aures mountain range; The Mzab Valley : (December 17, 1982) The Mzab Valley consists of five small fortified towns (Ksour) : El Ateuf, Bou Noura, Beni Isguen, Melika and Ghardaia. Djemila: (formerly known as Cuicul) December 17, 1982, 50 km away from Setif ; Tipaza : (December 17, 1982) Tassili N’ajjer : 1982, (1986) in the Sahara, eastern part of the Ahaggar (altitude between 1000 and 2500 m); The Algerian government declared the Meddak region situated on the heights of the city of Djanet a national park in 1972.
Questions 2 and 3 can admit of more than one answer.
This definition of the concept of World Heritage Site can be helpful
for you :
A World Heritage site is a place or structure included on an official list produced by the World Heritage Committee of the United Nations. Places are chosen for the list because they are considered to be of outsanding universal value, often for historical reasons, and are therefore preserved.
The students who have followed the new programme have already
come across the concept in the MS3 book.
3. The importance is in the justification of the answer provided by the students and in making the students aware of the cultural heritage of their country and of its value.

Taking a closer look (p.21)


Interact orally with the students using the title and the illustration to the text on pages 22-23.
E.g. What does the picture represent? What does the text deal with?
Where is it taken from ? To whom is it addressed?
Have them skim through the text to check some of the answers they have providing during the interaction. Then move on to the task proper.
Key:
1. False 2.True 3.True 4.True 5.False
Have the students refer to the text to justify their answers.
Around the text (pp.23-27)

Grammar Explorer I (pp.23-24)

A. The comparatives of superiority: It has more rock drawings and engravings than any other prehistoric Saharan sites.
The comparatives of equality: No country in North Africa has as much access to the Mediterranean sea and the Sahara as Algeria.
q These rock paintings, engravings and remains have yielded as much information as we need in order for us to have a clear picture of life used to be like in the Sahara of Prehistoric times.
q The Tassili-n’Ajjar seems to have had as few exchanges with the Phoenician and Roman civilizations as the other Saharan sites of our country.
The comparatives of inferiority
q Algiers had less influence on international commerce than other Algerian maritime cities because it had fewer natural harbours (than the other maritime cities).
qAlgeria has less World Heritage Sites than some other countries.
B. The superlatives of superiority

q Of all the sites of Southern Algeria, the Tassili n’Ajjer has the most prestige.
q It contains the most remains.
The superlatives of inferiority

qArchaeologists are still undecided about which of these Saharan sites contains the fewest traces of these ancient civilizations.
q Only the least amount of merchandise transited through it.
Interact with the students to help them explain how the comparative and superlative forms of quantity words are formed. Help the students synthesize information by drawing the table on page 217 on the board.

Quantifiers
Comparative forms
Superlative forms





Refer the students to the Grammar Reference pp.216-217 to check their answers.
Task3 (p.24)
1. How much 2. Little (not much) 3. the least 4. Less than 5. Much 6.many 7. More 8. most 9. much 10. little 11.less 12. fewer 13. many (a lot of) 14. the most
Grammar explorer II (p.25)
Task 1 (p.25)
Complex sentences (Concession)
Despite the fact that that it was considered a trading post by both the Romans and the Phoenicians, only the least amount of merchandise transited through it.
In spite of the fact that the Casbah underwent some changes during the French colonial rule, it still remains the throbbing cultural heart of the city of Algiers.
Complex sentence (Time)
After the Turkish Baba Aruj brothers had gained control of the city in 1516, Algiers thrived as a relatively independent city under the nominal control of the Ottoman Empire.
Task 2 (p.25)
A. but, yet, however, though, although (concession)
When, as soon as (time)
B. Emphasize the sequencing of the actions (First action: past perfect, Second action: simple past) Refer the students to Grammar Reference pp. 226-227.

Task 3 (p.25)
A. As soon as Tarik Ibn-Ziyad (had) crossed the Straits of Gibraltar, he gave his famous speech. (As soon as can also be in middle position.
B. After the Muslims had settled in Andalusia, they transformed it into a prestigious cultural area. (After can also be placed in middle position and replaced by when.)
C. Though/ despite the fact that/in spite of the fact that Andalusia had an extremely diverse population, it maintained
Explorer (pp.26-27)
A. its social cohesion and harmony for many years.
B. The Muslims had stayed in Andalusia until the Spaniards captured the Alhambra in 1492 and brought down the Kingdom of Grenada.
C. Though/ despite the fact that/in spite of the fact that the Muslims left Andalusia in 1492, Islamic civilization remains an enriching element of the Spanish cultural heritage.
[b]Vocabulary Task 1 (p.26)

Aim: vocabulary building through affixation
Invent (v), invention, inventor (n), inventive (adj), inventively (adv.)
Enrich (v), enrichment (n), enriching (adj.), adv. none
Achieve (v), achievement, achiever (n), achievable (adj.), (adv.) none
Devote (v), devotion, devotee (n), devoted (adj.), devotedly (adv.)
Responsibility (n), responsible (adj.), responsibly (adv.)
Improve (v), improvement (n), improved (adj.), (adv.) none
Practise (v), practice (n), practical (adj.), practically (adv.)
Hospitality (n), hospitable (adj.), (v.) none, hospitably (adv.)
Dedicate (v), dedication (n), dedicated (adj.), (adv.) None
(V) none, science (n.) ,scientific (adj.) scientifically (adv


[/b][b]Develop (v), development(n.) ,developed/developing (adj.)

(adv.) none

(V) none, culture(n), cultural (adj.), culturally (adv.)

Task 2 (p.26)

1. enrich 2. enrichment 3. had invented 4. inventions
5. achievements 6. scientific 7. cultural 8. improvement (=development) 9. responsibility 10. devoted (dedicated) 11. inventive 12. scientific 13. improved

Task 3 (p.27)
A. The Aztec civilization disintegrated as a result of the Spanish conquest. The Spanish conquistador Hernan Ferdinand Cortés (1485-1547) dispossessed the Aztecs of their wealth and depopulated the major Aztec cities.
B. Historians disagree on the real causes of the fall of Maya (also Mayan) civilization. Some of them say that its disintegration was due to the spread of epidemics. But other disapprove by arguing that it came as a result of the deregulation of the climate and domestic dissatisfaction and discontent.

Task 4 (p.27)
Some of the words which can carry prefixes dis- or de- are :
disappoint, disagree, dissatisfaction, decentralize, demilitarize …
Task 5 (p.27)
well-informed - well-known – well-established - well-kept – well-refined – well-founded – well-balanced – well-preserved – well-supported – well-documented – well-appreciated
1. well-refined 2. well-preserved/kept - 3. well-documented
4. well-informed 5. well-appreciated
Task 1 (p.28)
Jean François Champollion le Jeune (1790-1832) studied Egyptian hieroglyphics. At the beginning he thought that he could decipher this system of writing by using the Coptic language from which he believed Ancient Egyptian developed. But he was proved to be terribly wrong. When he realized that he was just lying to himself, he stopped trying to decipher the hieroglyphics with the help of the Coptic language and turned to the study of the hieroglyphics as an independent system of writing. The study of the Rosetta Stone, a slab of basalt with inscriptions dating from 197 BC permitted him to discover the mysteries of the hieroglyphic system of writing in 1824. Champollion enjoyed great popularity among his contemporaries. Today he is considered the founder of Egyptology.
Task 2 (p.28)
Studied, permitted /id/
Developed, stopped/t/
Proved, realized, turned, considered, believed /d/
Task 3 (p.28)

Aim: Sound-spelling links (pronunciation of the letters ch)
-Archives, architect, architecture, archipelago, alchemy, archaic, archetype, epoch, archaelogy, Archemides, archangel /k/
-Church, coach, archer, archway, archduke, artichoke /t©/
Task 4 (p.28)

Follow the instruction. Ask your students to give other examples.

Think, pair, share (p.30)

Study the closely the model essay below and make the best use of it in preparation for the exercise.
There are three major threats to our civilisation, which can lead to the destruction of mankind. We have first nuclear energy, which has been a constant liability ever since the explosion of atomic bombs in 1945; there is also pollution, a major cause for concern with the massive and noxious increase in industrial activities and mechanisation; finally, climate change constitutes another threat, as an outcome of the first two mentioned problems.
The escalation of nuclear weaponry since World War Two has exposed humanity to a nuclear war that would not compare at all with Hiroshima and Nagasaki, since it could wipe out life on earth many times over. The Cold War was a period of tension between the two most heavily equipped nations in terms of nuclear warheads, the USA and the USSR. The Détente that came after did not suppress all worries, since other countries have the bomb, and could use it any time.
There are also indirect consequences to owning nuclear energy. Indeed, a lethal form of pollution can originate from it if accidents in nuclear power plants occur. But apparently less dangerous forms of pollution, generated by an ever- increasing industrialisation, can also cause severe illnesses and deaths. We can think of all the chemicals dumped by factories underground, or in rivers and seas, or of the enormous amounts of smoke emitted in the air by factories and vehicles. All of these are causing all sorts of illnesses in humans and threatening wildlife.
Apart from these direct consequences, the third threat to our civilisation, climate change, is directly related to the first two mentioned. Smoke has resulted in the greenhouse effect, responsible for the increase in mean temperature in the world. Consequently, the ice caps in the north and south poles are shrinking, the sea level is rising, rains have become irregular, hurricanes are more frequent, monsoons are more destructive, droughts have intensified, and have reached usually wet parts of the world. Therefore, the danger of famine is real , and can even lead to dramatic wars over the possession of the meagre resources remaining. Surely the impending threat of nuclear warfare, and the lethal chemicals spread in the environment make the world a dangerous place to live. The tons of smoke sent out in the atmosphere also constitute a health hazard, and are responsible for climate change. There are indeed urgent measures to be taken by governments to make human activities safer if our civilisation is to survive and thrive.

TAKE A BREAK (p.30)

E.g.
Once upon a time, in a little island called Ithaca, on the western coast of Greece, there lived a king named Odyssseus (which means a ‘man of wrath’ in Greek). The name was changed into Ulysses by the Romans , and we shall call him Ulysses. We do not know much about Ulysses when he was a little boy, except that he used to hunt with his maternal grandfather Autolycus on Mount Parnassus. It was during one of these hunts that a boar wounded him.
When he grew up, he became distinguished among Greek leaders for his cleverness and cunning … . (To be continued by students).
Note: All tales begin with ‘Once upon a time’ and end with ‘and lived happily ever after’.

Research and report (p.31)
The report can be presented in the form of a class presentation (speaking from notes on the diagram) or an interview.
Advise the students to present the information in a climax order (from the least to the most important piece of information).
Use maps to represent the spread of Islamic civilization and pictures/drawings of famous people and monuments.
E.g
In the history of mankind, Islam gave rise to a civilization which soon became a model for many nations all over the world. This Muslim civilization emerged in Arabia in the seventh century of the Christian Era when the Prophet Muhammed (Blessed Be His name) revealed God’s message. Out of Islam rose a civilization that could not be confined to the Hidjaz … (To be continued by students).

LISTENING AND SPEAKING (pp.32- 35)
Skills and strategies outcomes (p.32)

Go through the preview with your students to make the objectives of this section explicit.
Before listening (p.32)

A. It represents the Phoenician civilization.
B. It originated in what is known as Jordan and Lebanon today.
C. It spread to the Mediterranean Basin.
D. Carthage (Tunis), Icosium (Algiers), Hippo (present-day Annaba)
Students can come out with further information.

As you listen (p.33)




Task 1 (p.33)
Students check answers to the task in the before-reading rubric (p.32




[/b]

Task 2 (p.33)
Have the students go through the text in the coping box. Interact with the students and clarify further the notions if necessary.
1D - 2B - 3E - 4C. 5A
Task 3 (p.33)
If necessary, let the students check the meaning of the words in the
dictionary. The students will do the task from memory. Then check their answers by listening to the script a second time.
Key: b. peaceful c. nomadic d. business-minded f. knowlegeable
Have the students give their justifications. Key words from the script are enough as a justification.
After listening (p.34)

Have the students skim through the text in the coping box. Then have them interact in order to elicit the genres (historical accounts, tales, novels, short stories, newspaper and radio reports…) in which the chronolological pattern is used. (1C 2 E 3A 4G 5B 6F 7D)
Slight changes in the ordering are possible. This should be a good opportunity for a short class discussion.

Saying it in writing (pp.34-35)

Western civilization is one of the world’s twenty-six civilizations. It started in Crete, the largest Greek island in the eastern Mediterranean sea, about 3,000 years ago. The civilization that rose in Crete was called the Minoan civilization because Crete at that time was under the rule of the legendary King Minos. Ancient Greek civilization originated more than 2,000 years ago on the shores of the Ionian and Aegean Seas. Ancient Greece made innovations in philosophy, politics, science, architecture, and the arts, and Greek culture forms the basis of Western civilization to this day. Then came the Roman civilization. … (To be continued by students)

Reading and writing (p.36)
Skills and strategies outcomes (p.36)

Make the students aware of the objectives of the section by giving them time to skim through the preview.
Before reading (p.36)

1. Picture One represents one of the three pyramids at Giza, the Great Pyramid of Khufu /Cheops near Cairo. (230 m/755 ft square and 147m/481 ft high. The three pyramids at Giza were considered one of the Seven Wonders of the World in Antiquity ( the Pyramids of Egypt, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, the Statue of Zeus at Olympia, the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, the Colossus of Rhodes, and the Pharos (lighthouse) at Alexandria)
Picture Two represents a mummy of an Egyptian Pharaoh and Horus (in ancient Egyptian mythology, the hawk-headed sun god, son of Isis and Osiris, of whom the pharaohs were declared to be the incarnation) Picture Three: Mask of the Pharoah
1. Picture 1
2. One of the most famous was Tutankhamun (whose tomb was discovered near Luxor in 1922).
3. The story of Sidna Musa (Moses) Moses, the Story of Sidna Yucef (Joseph)
As you read (p.37)

Task 1 (p.37)
Students should be encouraged to do this as quickly as possible
Key words :
A. in the introduction: civilization - rose - Egypt decline - fall
B. in the conclusion: [b]decline, fall

The choice of words may be subject to debate.
Task 2 (p.37)

Possible title: The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egyptian Civilization
Have the students check the validity of the title. You can jot some of the students’ titles on board and let the class choose the best one.
Task 3 (p.39)

A. §2 B.§4 C.§1 D.§3 E.§6 F.§5
Irrelevant idea: G.
Task 4 (p.39)
Go through the text in the coping box to raise awareness of the importance of scanning in reading. Compare and contrast the skills of scanning and skimming.
A. The major difference between Sumer and Ancient Egypt is that the former remained a land of small city states whereas Egypt became united under the rule of a single king.
B. The benefits that the ancient Egyptians derived from their system of national governement are protection and internal peace.
C. The name Pharaoh means Great House in Ancient Egyptian.
D. They were the dwelling places of the spirit of the Pharaoh.
E.Howard Carter discovered the tomb of Tutankhamun in 1922.
Task 5 (p.39)
Explain to the students that the failure to understand such links will certainly lead to a serious misunderstanding of the text. Before setting them to task, refer the students to the Coping on page 68.
q The people of Egypt became united under the rule of a single king (this) §1
q The Pharaoh’s government (it) § 2
q The land (its), the raiding warbands (which) §2
q The Pharaoh could make new laws (so) §2
q The Egyptians derived great benefits from their system of national government (this) §3, The Egyptians (They) §3 , The Egyptians (their) §3, All other lands (them) §3
q The people (they) §4, The Pharaoh (he) §4 The people (they) §4, The Pharaoh (him) §4
q The Pharaoh (he, he, his) §5, The Pharaohs (their) §5

After reading (p. 40)

Task1(p.40)
Have the students go through the coping box. Elicit the fact it is important to find out the function of texts because that helps better understand the writer’s purpose.
Key: The discourse is mostly narrative but it takes an argumentative turn at the end.
It is important to follow up with an explanation that narration and description are sometimes used in argumentative texts.
Task 2 (p.40)
Before involving the students in the task, review with them what summarizing means and the techniques that should be used.
Writing a good summary is a difficult task which is rarely done satisfactorily, even by advanced students. The best way of training the students to write summaries is to prepare them through practice in underlining important/key words and main ideas and in perceiving the structure of the text. This is essentially what has been done throughout the previous tasks of this section.
Points to watch when assessing students’ summarizing:
1. The summary is too short and the main idea is not expressed.
2. The summary is too long. It does not fit the one-fourth, one-ffifth of the original.
3. There are too many details and the key ideas do not stand out.
4. The wrong key ideas have been selected
5. The information they contain is wrong.
6. The summary is not written in one’s own words.
7. The summary is not an accurate and objective account of the text:
it is pervaded with personal reactions.

Proposed summary of the text (about 10 lines):
Ancient Egyptian civilization emerged along the Nile Valley as a result of the unification of all Egyptians under the central authority of one single king, the Pharaoh. The Pharaoh’s government guaranteed both external and internal security to the people of Egypt. As a consequence, the Egyptians grew very proud of their country and became so fond of the Pharaoh that they worshipped him as a God-king. This national pride and identification with the Pharaoh kept the unity of ancient Egypt and made its civilization prosper for many centuries. But the economy of ancient Egypt was ruined by all the resources that the Pharaohs put into the building of pyramids and the burial of their treasures in their own tombs. Economic collapse caused the gradual decline and fall of ancient Egyptian civilization.
Writing development (pp.40-41)

Follow the procedure provided in the textbook.
Project outcome (p.42)
Assessment (p.43)
Text 2 (p.240) :The Spread of Civilisation in the Maghrib and its
Impact on Western Civilisation[/b]


I. Read the text carefully and answer with True or False. Correct the false statements. (2.5points)
a) The Aghlabids ruled the Maghrib in the eighth century.
b) Mahdiyya was a rival caliphate to Baghdad in the ninth century.
c) The Berber dynasty built the Great Mosque of Tlemcen.
d) The Almohad encouraged the development of science.
e) The rise osf western civilisations followed the fall of the Maghribian ones.
(Answers: a:F, b:F, c:F, d:T, e:T)

II. What do the words below refer to in the text? (2 pts)

a) that (of Baghdad), line 4
b) (brilliant) ones, line 7
c) (among) others, line 18
d) Its (population), line 29
(Answers: a: caliphate, b: periods, c: great minds, d: Bidjaya)

III. Circle the answer (a, b or c) which best corresponds to each of the following statements (2 pts)
1. “A rival caliphate” means:
a) a rich caliphate
b) an old caliphate
c) a competing caliphate

2. “Andalusian art is refined” means:
a) it is delicate
b) it is declining
c) it is remarkable
[b]3. “A galaxy of great minds” means:

a) a large number of clever people
b) a gathering of scientists
c) an amalgam of ideas
4. “The heirs of the Almohads” means:

a) the ancestors of the Almohads
b) the leaders of the Almohads
c) the followers of the Almohads
(Answers: 1:c, 2:a, 3:b, 4:c)
IV. Use of English

A/ Transform the following sentences, using a verb in place of the underlined noun (2pts)
a) The Almohads were the protectors of a galaxy of great minds.
b) The followers of the Almohads were affected by loss of vitality.
c) It was Ibn Khaldun who reported population decline.
d) Epidemics were a consequence of this tragic shift of population.

(Answers: a: …protected a galaxy…, b: …the Almohads lost their vitality, c: …reported that the population was declining, d: Epidemics resulted from this…)

B/ Fill in the table below with the corresponding form (1.5 pts)

NOUN
VERB
ADJECTIVE
ADVERB
a) ?
b)
c) culmination
d) ?
e) delicacy
f) ?


?
combining

observed

?


?
chiefly
greatly


(Answers: a: chief, b: great, c: culminate, d: combination e: delicate, f: observation)

C/ Using information from the text, complete the blanks in these sentences with expressions containing “used to” (2 pts)
a) The Euroafrican empire ………………from Tripoli to seville.
b) Arab scholars………………….to practical sciences.
c) Kayrawan……………………..hundreds of thousands inhabitants in the ninth century.
d) Nomads ………………..live all over the Maghrib before thirteenth century.
(Answers: a: used to stretch, b: used to devote themselves, c: used to have, d: used to be)
D/ Find synonyms for the following words (2 pts)
a) the highest point (§1)
b) mainly (§2)
c) plain (§2)
d) followed (§3)
(Answers: a: apogee, b: chiefly, c: sober, d: succeeded)

IV. Write a twenty-line essay on either of the following topics (6pts)
A) Read again the last paragraph of the text and comment upon the following excerpt: “Ibn Khaldun (…) saw population decline as one of the factors in the decline of a civilization”.
B) Write a letter to the World Heritage Committee of the United Nations requesting it to include one of the historical sites in your country in its official list. Emphasize the historical importance of the site.
C) Write an opinion letter about the effects of globalism on the local cultures/civilizations in the world.
D)Write a story involving some famous character (man, woman, child) in your local folk culture or in world culture.
















UNIT TWO: ILL-GOTTEN GAINS NEVER PROSPER.
Introduce the theme of ethics in business by interacting with the students using the pictures as starters.
Make the project outcome explicit by talking about the final objective of the unit as a whole.
Listen and consider (pp.46-52)
Language outcomes (p.46)
Go through the preview to make the objectives of the section clear to the students.
Getting started (p.46)


The task of saying what the picture shows can be done through matching the picture with one of the practices in task 1. Thus you can tell the students to go through practices in task 1 and identify the one that the picture best illustrates. The answer is A. Then you interact with the students about who the people in the picture are, and then move on smoothly to task 1.
Task 1 Open questions
A. C , D unethical practices
B. This question can admit many answers. E; ethical practice.

Task 2 This task can admit of many answers. First, discuss some tentative interpretations. Then write down on the board the one explanation that the students regard as the most pertinent.

Let’s hear it (p.47)

A. The Right-to-Know Association is an anti-corruption body.
B. Transparency International publishes an annual report about the level of corruption in most countries of the world.
So you think there are chances of winning the fight against corruption.
Sorry to interrupt you, but should citizens be involved in this fight to stop corruption?
Around the Text (pp.47-50)

Grammar explorer (p.47)
Aim: to introduce the grammar notion of condition with provided that/providing that and as long as.
but only if
Condition
C. We will eradicate corruption (main clause) providing that we act now (subordinate clause).
The chances of eradicating corruption will increase (main clause) as long as all countries are committed to fighting it (subordinate clause).
D.Future in the main clause and present in the subordinate one. The time they refer to is the future.
Refer the students to p.218 to check their answers.
Task ( top of p.48)
The students can use as long as and providing/provided (that) interchangeably and in initial or mid positions. Possible answers
A. Banks will lend you money to start a business providing that you promise in writing to pay them back.
B. Your business will continue to prosper as long as you keep your probity and integrity.
C. The Mayor will be elected for a second term provided that /
as long as he manages to avoid corruption scandals.
D. Algeria will attract more foreign investments providing/provided (that) it passes stricter anti-corruption laws.
E. The government will regain the confidence of the citizens as long as bribery, embezzlement and nepotism are fought.
Grammar Explorer (p.48)
A. B. D (Present wish)
E. (Future wish)
C.(Past wish)
Refer the students to Grammar Reference, pp.219-220 to check their answers. Then elicit the nuances between it’s high time and I wish.







[/b]

I. Read the text carefully and answer with True or False. Correct the false statements. (2.5points)
a) The Aghlabids ruled the Maghrib in the eighth century.
b) Mahdiyya was a rival caliphate to Baghdad in the ninth century.
c) The Berber dynasty built the Great Mosque of Tlemcen.
d) The Almohad encouraged the development of science.
e) The rise osf western civilisations followed the fall of the Maghribian ones.
(Answers: a:F, b:F, c:F, d:T, e:T)

II. What do the words below refer to in the text? (2 pts)

a) that (of Baghdad), line 4
b) (brilliant) ones, line 7
c) (among) others, line 18
d) Its (population), line 29
(Answers: a: caliphate, b: periods, c: great minds, d: Bidjaya)

III. Circle the answer (a, b or c) which best corresponds to each of the following statements (2 pts)
1. “A rival caliphate” means:
a) a rich caliphate
b) an old caliphate
c) a competing caliphate

2. “Andalusian art is refined” means:
a) it is delicate
b) it is declining
c) it is remarkable
[b]3. “A galaxy of great minds” means:

a) a large number of clever people
b) a gathering of scientists
c) an amalgam of ideas
4. “The heirs of the Almohads” means:

a) the ancestors of the Almohads
b) the leaders of the Almohads
c) the followers of the Almohads
(Answers: 1:c, 2:a, 3:b, 4:c)
IV. Use of English

A/ Transform the following sentences, using a verb in place of the underlined noun (2pts)
a) The Almohads were the protectors of a galaxy of great minds.
b) The followers of the Almohads were affected by loss of vitality.
c) It was Ibn Khaldun who reported population decline.
d) Epidemics were a consequence of this tragic shift of population.

(Answers: a: …protected a galaxy…, b: …the Almohads lost their vitality, c: …reported that the population was declining, d: Epidemics resulted from this…)

B/ Fill in the table below with the corresponding form (1.5 pts)

NOUN
VERB
ADJECTIVE
ADVERB
a) ?
b)
c) culmination
d) ?
e) delicacy
f) ?


?
combining

observed

?


?
chiefly
greatly


(Answers: a: chief, b: great, c: culminate, d: combination e: delicate, f: observation)

C/ Using information from the text, complete the blanks in these sentences with expressions containing “used to” (2 pts)
a) The Euroafrican empire ………………from Tripoli to seville.
b) Arab scholars………………….to practical sciences.
c) Kayrawan……………………..hundreds of thousands inhabitants in the ninth century.
d) Nomads ………………..live all over the Maghrib before thirteenth century.
(Answers: a: used to stretch, b: used to devote themselves, c: used to have, d: used to be)
D/ Find synonyms for the following words (2 pts)
a) the highest point (§1)
b) mainly (§2)
c) plain (§2)
d) followed (§3)
(Answers: a: apogee, b: chiefly, c: sober, d: succeeded)

IV. Write a twenty-line essay on either of the following topics (6pts)
A) Read again the last paragraph of the text and comment upon the following excerpt: “Ibn Khaldun (…) saw population decline as one of the factors in the decline of a civilization”.
B) Write a letter to the World Heritage Committee of the United Nations requesting it to include one of the historical sites in your country in its official list. Emphasize the historical importance of the site.
C) Write an opinion letter about the effects of globalism on the local cultures/civilizations in the world.
D)Write a story involving some famous character (man, woman, child) in your local folk culture or in world culture.
















UNIT TWO: ILL-GOTTEN GAINS NEVER PROSPER.
Introduce the theme of ethics in business by interacting with the students using the pictures as starters.
Make the project outcome explicit by talking about the final objective of the unit as a whole.
Listen and consider (pp.46-52)
Language outcomes (p.46)
Go through the preview to make the objectives of the section clear to the students.
Getting started (p.46)


The task of saying what the picture shows can be done through matching the picture with one of the practices in task 1. Thus you can tell the students to go through practices in task 1 and identify the one that the picture best illustrates. The answer is A. Then you interact with the students about who the people in the picture are, and then move on smoothly to task 1.
Task 1 Open questions
A. C , D unethical practices
B. This question can admit many answers. E; ethical practice.

Task 2 This task can admit of many answers. First, discuss some tentative interpretations. Then write down on the board the one explanation that the students regard as the most pertinent.

Let’s hear it (p.47)

A. The Right-to-Know Association is an anti-corruption body.
B. Transparency International publishes an annual report about the level of corruption in most countries of the world.
So you think there are chances of winning the fight against corruption.
Sorry to interrupt you, but should citizens be involved in this fight to stop corruption



[/b]
Around the Text (pp.47-50)

Grammar explorer (p.47)
Aim: to introduce the grammar notion of condition with provided that/providing that and as long as.
but only if
Condition
C. We will eradicate corruption (main clause) providing that we act now (subordinate clause).
The chances of eradicating corruption will increase (main clause) as long as all countries are committed to fighting it (subordinate clause).
D.Future in the main clause and present in the subordinate one. The time they refer to is the future.
Refer the students to p.218 to check their answers.
Task ( top of p.48)
The students can use as long as and providing/provided (that) interchangeably and in initial or mid positions. Possible answers
A. Banks will lend you money to start a business providing that you promise in writing to pay them back.
B. Your business will continue to prosper as long as you keep your probity and integrity.
C. The Mayor will be elected for a second term provided that /
as long as he manages to avoid corruption scandals.
D. Algeria will attract more foreign investments providing/provided (that) it passes stricter anti-corruption laws.
E. The government will regain the confidence of the citizens as long as bribery, embezzlement and nepotism are fought.
Grammar Explorer (p.48)
A. B. D (Present wish)
E. (Future wish)
C.(Past wish)
Refer the students to Grammar Reference, pp.219-220 to check their answers. Then elicit the nuances between it’s high time and I wish.



Task 1 (p.49)
A. It’s about/ high time the government took measures to stop tax evasion.
B. It’s about/high time the public authorities did something to eradicate the ‘underground’economy in our country.
C. It’s about/high time speculators of all sorts were arrested.
D. It’s high/about time public authorities made anti-smuggling laws more stringent.
Task 2 (p.49)
A. I wish I hadn’t stolen the public funds.
B. I wish I were at home and not in prison.
C. I wish I were out of the affair.
D. I wish you would give me a second chance. / I wish I could be
Given a second chance.
E. I wish I could eradicate nepotism.
F. I wish I could live in a corruption-free society someday.
Grammar Explorer III (p.49)
A. They express strong advice/recommendation
1. Citizens ought to/should stop shrugging their shoulders at bureaucratic abuse.
2. They ought not to/should not say that the fight against corruption is not their own business.
C. ‘’d better’ can be used in the second sentence only.
Refer the students to Grammar Reference pp.219-220 to check their answers.
Task (top of p.50)
A. You’d/ had better stop buying and selling securities ….Otherwise you’d be guilty…
B. We’d /had better not neglect to take the necessary measures… Or We’d/had better take the necessary measures…
C. They’d/had better reconsider their decisions very quickly…
D. They’d/had better give it up because this is a financial wrongdoing…
Vocabulary explorer p.50
Task 1 (p.50)
A. business (odd one out)
B. auditing (odd one out )
C. to trade (odd one out)
D. customs officer (odd one out)
E. abuse (odd one)
Task 2 (pp.50-51)
§A1 ( bribe) 2 (bribe) 3 (corrupt) 4 (a bribe /bribery)
5 (corrupt) 6 (corruption)
§B1(embezzlement) 2 (fraud) 3 (accountant) 4 (false invoices)
5 (bank accounts) 6. (embezzler)
§C 1 Money laundering 2 (money) 3 (criminal organisations)
4 (tax inspectors) 5 ( Money laundering ) 6 (deposit)
§D 1 ethical behaviour 2 (right) 3 (wrong) 4 ( ethical issues).
5 (a code of ethics) 6 (unethically)
Pronunciation and spelling (p.51)

A. Ethics (moral beliefs)
B. Ethics ( scholarly discipline)
C. figures
D. a scientific discipline

1. All of them end with –ics.
2. Singular when the word refers to a scientific discipline and plural when it refers to something else.
3. Stress in words ending in –ics generally falls on the penultimate syllable. E.g. staTistics …
4. Physics, economics,
5.
Think, pair, share (p.52)

Dear fellow citizens,
Corruption is an evil that must be fought now! In order to win this fight I urge all people of good will to unite around me.
If I were elected Head of State, I would implement the following anti-corruption programme. To begin with, I would appoint dedicated civil servants who would work honestly for the country: stealing money or accepting a bribe in exchange for a service is unethical

and illegal. Next, I would pass stringent laws to protect citizens and punish embezzling and bribe-taking. I cannot tolerate that honest citizens be the victims of corrupt civil servants.
I would also fight tax evasion and capital flight. Those who earn a lot of money must pay their taxes and contribute to the development of the country. Therefore any tax evader would be severely punished by specially appointed tribunals.
Finally, I would rehabilitate the value of work. Mutual trust is a moral value that we should teach our children from infancy. A little money earned honestly brings a lot of happiness and peace of mind.
To conclude, I could tell you, fellow countrymen that your
role as citizens is indispensable to fight corruption. No government can succeed without the help of civil society. Therefore, I urge you again to gather around me to win this decisive battle. Vote for honesty ! Vote for me!
READ AND CONSIDER(pp.53-58)
Language outcomes (p.53)
Have the students skim through the language outcomes preview to make them aware of the objectives of this section.
Getting started (p.53)


It represents a customs officer holding the counterfeit of
a famous European painting. (See caption at the bottom of the picture.)
Logically the answer is no. Expect students’ justifications for their answers to be quite varied.
In quality/price/safety (open answer)
Many possible answers.
Many possible answers
6. Normally, the answer is : It’s wrong to imitate products because imitations are of poor quality/not safe/illegal and dishonest practices. …

Taking a closer look

Before setting the students to task, try to make them guess what the text is about by looking at the title. Then have them read the text and answer the questions.

It is difficult to distinguish between imitations and genuine
products because the counterfeiters are very skilful and make perfect copies of the original.
B. Counterfeit medicines are harmful because they have a lack of
active ingredients.
C. Counterfeiting has negative consequences on health, (public) safety, and the economy.
D. Imitation is just like stealing someone else’s property. (inference question)
E. Companies should reduce the prices of their products rather than spend huge amounts of money on advertising against counterfeiting.
F. Many possible answers. E.g. I agree with the author’s conclusion because consumers won’t buy imitations if the brands are at affordable prices (cheap/not expensive).

Around the text (pp.55-57)

Grammar explorer (p.55)
Task 1
A. There are so many marketed imitations of these brands that consumers have lost confidence in them.
B. Copies of brands are so cheap that consumers don’t hesitate to buy them.
C. Counterfeits are of such a bad quality that it is a waste of money to buy them.
Task 2 (p.55)
A.
q These products are imitated to such a perfection that it is difficult to distinguish between the genuine and the fake products.
q The loss in profitability is so big that most of them have launched advertisement campaigns against counterfeiting.
Have the students check their answers and identify the problem areas in the answers they have provided to task 1 above.


Task 3 (p.55)
These products are imitated to such a perfection (main clause) that it is difficult to distinguish between the genuine and the fake products (subordinate clause).
The loss in profitability is so big (main clause) that most of them have launched advertisement campaigns against counterfeiting. (subordinate clause).
A. Result
D. These products are perfectly imitated/ are imitated to perfection. As consequence/Consequently/As a result,/…
The loss in profitabilty is very big. So/As a consequence…
Grammar explorer II (p.56)
Present simple passive. A counterfeit is something that counterfeiters forge or imitate.
Present continuous passive C. Counterfeiters are copying products of all sorts everyday.
D; The sentences from the text are in the passive. They are impersonal whereas the others are personal (agency underlined).
Task (p.56)
Our copyright is being infringed (by many Internet users). Our music hits are being uploaded and downloaded. These copyright thefts are being put in pirate sites in order to swap them with other Internet users. These pirates must be reminded that a great deal of financial loss is being caused to us by swapping music illegally.
Grammar explorer III (p.56)
These consumers know well that they mustn’t buy imitations. (prohibition)
They must refrain from buying them.(obligation)
They have to buy them. (necessity)
Answers:
A. must (obligation) and have to (necessity) B. mustn’t
Rich people don’t have to buy imitations.
Vocabulary explorer (p.57)
Task 1 (p.57)
Verbs: defraud, forge, imitate, deceive, steal …
Nouns: theft, fraud , forgery, imitation, counterfeiter …
Encourage students to use 5 to 6 words from the diagram in sentences of their own.
Task 2 (p.57)
Honesty - stupidity – responsibility – cruelty – morality – hospitability – legality
Task 3 (p.57)
Dishonest – disapprove - disagree - disapproval – illegal – immoral – unfair – irresponsible – disappear
Task 4 (p. 57)
It is both dishonest (1) and illegal (2) to imitate products. Piracy is due mainly to a lack of honesty (3) and morality (4). I totally disagree (5) with those who say that counterfeiting is beneficial to consumers.
Pronunciation and spelling (p.57)


Verb
Nouns
Adjectives
eOnomize
eOnomy
ecoNOmics
eCOnomist
ecoNOmic
ecoNOmical
UnecoNOmical


Shift of stress: verb/noun –to adjective
Stress on penultimate syllable for words ending in –ic, -ics and -ical.
Think, pair, share (p.58)

Some people argue that counterfeiting benefits consumers by giving them access to lower-price goods. This is a totally mistaken claim. First, imitated goods are poor quality and do not last long. There is then no guarantee of value for money and more importantly, that fake goods are safe. Imagine how much damage low quality parts fitted in a car can do to the driver and passengers when they fail!
Secondly, if we think of fake foods or medicines, and the criminal procedures used by the people who make them, we can only remain firm on buying genuine products. There are several cases of substitute edibles which have caused dangerous diseases to people and which have resulted in long-lasting law suits. The outcomes could only be compensations paid for irreparable damage but the moral damage caused to the victims can never be repaired! Recent figures released by the European Union show that the customs are confiscating 100 million fake items every year.
Thirdly, it is highly immoral to reap where other people have sown. Pirating products is indeed imitating other people’s property, and refusing to engage in a creative act. It is much more rewarding to turn one’s abilities to creating new objects of value that could serve the community, or improve the performance of existing ones.
Fourthly, pirating objects is by essence theft, especially when the producer of a fake item affixes the label of a well-known trade mark on it. Some countries are notorious for their practice of counterfeit objects. One wouldn’t like Algerians to be known for practising this dubious trade, as much as one wouldn’t like to see them buy cheap, fake products and head into unsuspected troubles.

TAKE A BREAK(p.59)
Elicit the humour in the cartoon.
Proverbs and sayings

1. Money talks
Here ‘talks’ means carries weight, in the sense that it is influential. It is possible to do much more with money than without.
‘Why did the members side with Mr X at the annual general meeting? Mr Y’s arguments were much more convincing.’
‘Mr X is a rich man and Mr Y isn’t. If we’d accepted Mr Y’s proposals, the Club would have lost the support of Mr X. Money talks, you know.’
Equivalent of the saying : A golden key opens every door.

2. The love of money is the root of all evil.
All kinds of wickedness and tribulations spring from the desire to become rich. The source of this saying is Timothy (in the Bible) I./10.
Note that it is the love of money that is the root of all evil, not money itself






3. Everyman has his price.
All people can be corrupted in one way or another. This is a very pessimistic point of view to hold about human nature.
4. Look after the pennies and the pounds will look after themselves.
The opposite of this saying is Pennywise and pound foolish, which means careful in small matters and foolish in large matters. The saying recommends that we should be careful about small expenses so as to save money and invest it in profitable ventures.
5. Money can’t buy you love.
There are things that you can’t buy with money. One of these is love.
6. Money doesn’t grow on trees.
We should be careful about money because it isn’t easy to get.
7. Business is business.
Business does not take into consideration other matters than those of business. What matters most is profit, i.e., the amount of money you can make out of a business deal/transaction.

RESEARCH AND REPORT (p.60)

Assignment one

This is a research assignment. So students have to find information through the Internet. E.g. Punishment for tax evasion is more severe in the U.S than in Algeria and England.
Assignment two
Have the students discuss the ethical issues in class. Elicit their own opinions about each of them. They don’t have to agree about any of them.
LISTENING AND SPEAKING (pp.61-64)
Skills and strategies outcomes (p.61)

Have the students skim through the preview and discuss what these skills and strategies can possibly mean.
Before listening (p.61)

1. It’s ethically wrong because he is polluting the environment. All he is concerned with is profit.
2. Students should feel free to give their own opinions.
3. Many possible answers. These answers depend on answers to
question two above.
4. There are many possible answers. Students don’t have to agree with each other.
5. The students don’t have to agree. The most important thing is to encourage them to justisfy their answers.
As you listen (p.62)

Have the students skim through the text in the Coping Box to prepare them for the listening task.
Task 1 (p.62)
A. George B. Mark C. None D. George E. None F. George
G. Mark
Task 2 (p.62)
Let the students think about the issues before giving their opinions. Pair and group work.
After listening (p. 63)

Have the students skim through the text in the coping box and the items in the two tables before moving to the task proper.
Say it in writing (p.64)

Ladies, gentlemen
Some people say that businessmen should apply their own personal ethical standards when doing business. They tell us that you need money to make money; that the world of business is a jungle; and that if we respect ethics, we can undermine the values of hard work and freedom. Let me tell you that I don’t agree with these arguments at all. I believe that such arguments are only excuses to escape the responsibility of business companies towards the welfare of society as a whole. As far as I am concerned, I say that ethics has everything to do with business….
READING AND WRITING (pp.65- 70)
Skills and strategies outcomes (p.65)

Have the students skim through the preview to get them acquainted with the objectives of this section.
Before reading (p.65)

1.E.g. The right of the child for education ( See text on the Rights of the Child in SE2 textbook.) The child is below the legal minimum age to work.
2. Many possible answers. They are unethical/criminal because …
3. Many possible answers. Students don’t have to agree.
4. Many possible answers. Students don’t have to agree.
As you read (p.66)

Task 1:
A.b This task is not testing students’ comprehension. So make sure they explain why the other choices are false.
B. Social Auditing and its importance in business
Task 2 (p.66)
A. They are commissioning social audits because they are increasingly aware of the importance of social and environmental issues for their reputation.
B. Giovani Preston travels to countries to check labour standards.
C. Labour standards: paying their workers fairly, good health standards - safety record with low levels of illness and accidents - not using child labour
D. We can no longer separate ethics from business. (Students can provide many possible justifications.)
Task 3 (p.67)
A. commission B. prosper C. corporate D. designate
E. oversee F. suppliers G. scrutiny
After reading (p.68)

Let the students skim through the text in the coping box. Then illustrate the difference between lexical and grammatical cohesion.
Synonymy, antonymy and hyponymy = lexical cohesion
Articles, possessive adjectives, demonstrative adjectives, pronouns= grammatical cohesion
Make it clear to the students that lexical and grammatical cohesion is important for comprehension.
Task 1 (p.68)
q Their (businesses), them (businesses), these (social audits), that (social audits), their (businesses), their (businesses) §1
q They (supporters of social audits), it (social reporting) it (social auditing) company excutives (they), those (companies) §2
q This criticism (a social audit may just be a public relations exercise),
them (executives), This ( the rest of the text between inverted
commas) §3
q There ( developing countries), Their: ( companies in the clothing industries) §4
q Ours (our company) §5
Task 2 (p.68)
Make sure students realize that identification of reference words can help them better understand the text. Reading is not a linear activity. It is a coginitive activity which involves a backward and forward eye movement in search of lexical and grammatical cohesion.
Task 3 (p.68)
(A)Algeria has recently adopted a new model of economic development. (D) This model balances economic growth, social justice and the sustainable use of natural resources.(B) It has also set high standards of governance including social auditing and public accounts reporting. (C) Such tasks are carried out by the National Economic and Social Council and by the Accounts Court. F. In addition to the setting of standards of governance, it has accorded ethically responsible companies tax reductions so as to encourage them to promote sustainable development and social well-being.
E. Odd one out.
Writing development (pp.69-70)


The people and organisations who put their money into our fund want us to invest in ethical ways, and we work hard to make their desires a reality. We consider that the conservation of the environment for future generations a moral duty. Thus we avoid companies that endanger the environment. …
Project outcome (p.71)
Assessment (72)
[b]Follow the models included in the other units. Time for… (p.33)
[/b]

TAKE A BREAK (p.150)
Idiomatic expressions
A. 1. b saw stars 2. a was born under an unlucky star 3. c Thank his lucky star
B. 1= a over the moon 2= d mooning over 3= b once in a blue moon 4= c crying for the moon
Poem
Here are some questions that can be asked to the students.
1. Explain how, in the first two lines, the poet manages to give us a history of the means of transport.
2. What comparison helps us to understand the challenges that must be met by the first settlers on other planets?
3. How can you tell that the author expects journeys through space to be quick?
4. How does the author show that he expects mostly younger people to journey out into space?
5. Americans are always asked, in Autumn, to ‘mail early for Christmas’. How is this expression related to the title of the poem?
RESEARCH AND REPORT (p.151)
Assignment 1 (p.151)
The competition can be organized in the form of a show asking questions like: Who was the astronomer who said that the earth was flat? What’s the title of the book that he is best known for? Where was Ptolemy born? What was his nationality? The students will play the roles of host and guest in the show.
Assignment 2 (p.151)
This assignment can take the form of a demonstration class or a news reading.
Assignment 2 (p.151)
Eclipse: passage of an astronomical body through the shadow of another. The term is usually used for solar and lunar eclipses, which may be either partial or total, but may also refer to other bodies, for example, to an eclipse of Jupiter’s satellites by Jupiter itself. An eclipse of a star by a body in the Solar System is also called an occultation.
A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes in front of the Sun as seen from Earth, and can happen only at new Moon. During a total eclipse the Sun’s corona can be seen. A total solar eclipse can last up to 7.5 minutes. When the Moon is at its farthest from the Earth it does not completely cover the face of the Sun, leaving a ring of sunlight visible. This is an annular eclipse. Between two and five solar eclipses occur each year but each is visible only from a specific area. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes into the shadow of the Earth, becoming dim until emerging from the shadow. Lunar eclipses may be



partial or total, and they can happen only at full Moon. Total lunar eclipses last up to 100 minutes; the maximum number each year is three.
A total solar eclipse visible from southwestern England took place on 11 August 1999 and lasted for two minutes. This was the first total solar eclipse to be visible from the UK since 1927, the next will be in 2090.
(From the Huchinson Encylopedia, 2001 Edition)
Assignment 3 (p.151)
The etymology of the words is Arabic.
Assignment 4 (p.151)
E.g. One of the myths says that the Earth stands on a bull’s horns.
LISTENING AND SPEAKING (p.152)
Skills and strategies outcomes (p.152)
Let the students skim through the preview so as to get acquainted with the objectives of the section.
Before listening (p.152)

1. ET stands for extra-terrestrial. Students have already come across this term.
Questions 2, 3 and 4 are open-ended questions. There are many possible answers.
5. See text on science-fiction in SE2 textbook.
As you listen (p.153)

Have students skim through the text in the coping box before setting them to task.
Task 1 (p.153)
The clues are not necessarily the ones that students will identify:
a. They work for the S.E.T.I(Search for Extra-terrestrial Intelligence)
laboratory.
b. Beyond the solar system perhaps even beyond the Milky Way
c. For many centuries we were ignorant of what we call the New World today.
d. The S.E.T.I researchers are determined to distance themselves from science fiction and fantasy.
Task 2 (p.153)
Students will discuss the following statement:
‘That would shed light on the origin, the nature and the future of the universe as a whole.’ Students don’t have to agree on one single answer.
After listening (p.154)
Students skim through the text in the coping box. Engage a discussion with the students to check that they have inderstood the main ways of expressing agreement or disagreement with stative verbs. (See Coping box, p.154.)
Task 1 (p.154)
Allocate the necessary time to the students to prepare their dialogues.
E.g.
A: Is what they telling us about space laboratories true?
B: I (don’t) think so.
A: Why?
B. …
Task 2 (p.154)
The task can be done in groups. Let the groups brainstorm one of the topics before they engage in dialogue. Make sure the students use the right tenses.
Saying it in writing (p.155)

E.g. I think that astronomy is one of the most useful sciences today. For one thing, it’s thanks to astronomy that we can predict such catastrophes as tsunamis and hurricanes. Right now as I ‘m speaking to you there are satellites hovering above us in the skies watching for any hurricane that may hit us….
Reading and writing (p.156)
Skills and strategies outcomes (p.156)
Let the students skim through the preview. Then interact with students to make explicit the objectives of the section.
Before reading (p.156)

Task 1 (p.156)
The answer is C. because the paragraph in question is a lead-in. Its purpose is to entice the reader to read the whole article or news story. It is signed by a journalist by the name David Grinspoon.
Task 2 (p.156)
It fits in the beginning because “why” indicates that a rhetorical question is asked and we expect that it will be answered in what comes next.
Task 3 (p.156)
An answer/ a discussion of the issue raised in the lead-in.
N.B. Students will suggest answers to the three questions, but try not to answer them at this stage. They will check their answers while doing task 1 in the as-you-read rubric.
As you read (p.157)

Task 1 (p.157)
Students will skim through the rest of the text to check the guesses they have made in the before-readingtask.
Task 2 (p.158)
A. The NASA fired a copper explosive barrel in the path of Tempel 1 in order to learn about the impact that a collision with comets might have on our planet. Or
….in order to learn about the life secrets that lie within the hole of the comet.
B. Deep impact
C. Paragraph 5
D. The dinosaurs would not have disappeared if they had known how to divert the course of comets. The space programme is vital because it can help avoid the kind of collision that caused the disappearance of dinosaurs.
Tasks 3 and 4 (pp.158-159)
Crater = hole (relation of synonymy); Mixed reactions = not complelety positive/good. The three sentences give clues in three different ways: not really fine (not good); analogy and a rhetorical question. Hurt: (word coming in topic sentence) = doing harm (idiomatic expression in the concluding sentence) The parallel that the author draws between the mission and digging for sand specimens in a beach provides another clue for understanding the meaning of the word.
Demolish = destroy (relation of synonymy) Ice crust = frozen rock (synonymy) Lacked =/= had The meaning of lack can be guessed either from the context of the sentence “The dinosaurs disappeared because they lacked a space programme.” It also also guessed from the concluding sentence of the paragraph “ … because we have knowledge….)
After reading (p.159)

Possible answers:
1. The decision to shoot at the comet is unreasonable/too quick and can have bad consequences.
2. There is no need to be worried about the shooting at the comet because it is as harmless as picking up a few sand specimen for study.
Or the mission is totally harmless because …
3. Human life can’t be destroyed by the collision of our planet with a comet because we know how to divert their course.
Task 2 (p.159)
A.Type of discourse: Argumentative
B.Function: Persuading the reader about the importance of a space programme.
C.Category of reasoning: It is mainly a reasoning based on analogy
Writing development (pp.160 –161)

You often hear people say, ‘The budget devoted to space programmes is wasted money.’ Many people support this statement by saying that these huge amounts can be invested in projects to combat diseases. Likewise, many other people consider that space exploration is a wild dream and that the money spent on these explorations is needed to relieve poverty in Africa. Though I understand that there is an urgency to fight diseases and relieve poverty in our continent, I don’t think it is right to abandon investment in space explorations. Why?
In the first place, many of the advances made in medicine are indirectly the result of space exploration. For instance, …
Project outcome (p.162)
Assessment (p.163)

Text 5 (p.36) The Martians are coming


I. Read the text carefully and answer with True or False(3 pts)

a) The radio programme was broadcast on Halloween day.
b) The news announcers were real actors.
c) An announcement was made before the show began that the programme was unreal.
d) Everybody was trying to leave the town by car.
e) The Americans killed the Martians with poisonous gas.
f) The programme was about London in the 1890s.

(Answers: aF,bT,cT, dF,eF,fF)

II. What is the main idea of this text? Justify your choice.( 1.5pts)
a) Halloween eve is a good night to scare people.
b) People are ready to believe anything that seems realistic to them.
c) A Martian invasion could cause much panic among people.

(Answer: b). a and c are also acceptable provided the choice is justified.
III. What do these words refer to in the text? (2 pts)

a) One (a good one) §1
b) it (seem) §1
c) their (suitcases) §3
d) others (tried) §3

(Answers: a: story, b: the show, c: people, d: people)

IV. Use of English:
A/ Find in the text a synonym for each of the following words (3pts)
a) scenery §1

عمل المعروف يدوم
و الجميل دائما محفوظ
لا تفكروا في يوم أنسى
أنكم وقفتم مع طلاب العلوم
عجزت الكلمات تعبر
عن مدى الجميل و العرفان
الذي بدر منكم تجاه طلاب غرداية
كل الجميل للعمل الذي
ما أظن ينساه إنسان
فبارك الله فيكم
وفي عملكم الموزون
دمتم بطيب النسيم
وعبق الرحيق المختوم
شكرا لكم